Akatswiri a za chemistry m'masukulu ndi m'mafakitale akukambirana zomwe zidzakhale nkhani zazikulu chaka chamawa

Akatswiri 6 akulosera kuti zinthu zidzasintha kwambiri mu chemistry mu 2023

Akatswiri a za chemistry m'masukulu ndi m'mafakitale akukambirana zomwe zidzakhale nkhani zazikulu chaka chamawa

Chithunzi: Will Ludwig/C&EN/Shutterstock

MAHER EL-KADY, MKULU WA TEKNOLOJI, NANOTECH ENERGY, NDI KATSWI WA ELECTROCHEMIST, YUNIVESITE YA CALIFORNIA, LOS ANGELES

Chithunzi: Mwachilolezo cha Maher El-Kady

"Kuti tithetse kudalira kwathu mafuta opangidwa kuchokera ku zinthu zakale ndikuchepetsa mpweya woipa wa carbon, njira yokhayo yeniyeni ndiyo kuyika magetsi pa chilichonse kuyambira m'nyumba mpaka m'magalimoto. M'zaka zingapo zapitazi, tawona kupita patsogolo kwakukulu pakupanga ndi kupanga mabatire amphamvu kwambiri omwe akuyembekezeka kusintha kwambiri momwe timayendera kupita kuntchito ndi kukaona abwenzi ndi abale. Kuti tiwonetsetse kuti magetsi asintha kwathunthu, pakufunikabe kusintha kwa kuchuluka kwa mphamvu, nthawi yowonjezerera mphamvu, chitetezo, kubwezeretsanso, ndi mtengo pa kilowatt ola limodzi. Munthu angayembekezere kuti kafukufuku wa mabatire akukula kwambiri mu 2023 ndi akatswiri azamankhwala ndi asayansi azinthu zomwe akugwira ntchito limodzi kuti athandize kuyika magalimoto ambiri amagetsi pamsewu."

KLAUS LACKNER, MTSOGOLERI, CENTER FOR NEGATIVE CARBON EMISSIONS, ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY

Chithunzi: Yunivesite ya Arizona State

"Pofika pa COP27, [msonkhano wapadziko lonse wa zachilengedwe womwe unachitika mu Novembala ku Egypt], cholinga cha nyengo ya 1.5 °C sichinapezeke, zomwe zikugogomezera kufunika kochotsa mpweya wa kaboni. Chifukwa chake, 2023 idzawona kupita patsogolo kwa ukadaulo wogwiritsa ntchito mpweya mwachindunji. Amapereka njira yowonjezereka yothanirana ndi mpweya woipa, koma ndi okwera mtengo kwambiri poyang'anira zinyalala za kaboni. Komabe, kugwidwa kwa mpweya mwachindunji kumatha kuyamba pang'ono ndikukula m'malo mwa kukula. Monga mapanelo a dzuwa, zida zogwiritsira ntchito mpweya mwachindunji zitha kupangidwa mochuluka. Kupanga kwakukulu kwawonetsa kuchepetsa mtengo ndi kuchuluka kwakukulu. 2023 ikhoza kupereka chithunzithunzi cha ukadaulo womwe waperekedwa womwe ungagwiritse ntchito kuchepetsedwa kwa mtengo komwe kumachitika popanga zinthu zambiri."

RALPH MARQUARDT, MKULU WA ZOPANGIRA ZOPANGIRA ZINTHU, MAKAMPUNI A EVONIK

Chithunzi: Evonik Industries

"Kuletsa kusintha kwa nyengo ndi ntchito yaikulu. Zingathe kupambana pokhapokha ngati tigwiritsa ntchito zinthu zochepa kwambiri. Chuma chenicheni chozungulira n'chofunikira pa izi. Zopereka za makampani opanga mankhwala pa izi zikuphatikizapo zipangizo zatsopano, njira zatsopano, ndi zowonjezera zomwe zimathandiza kukonza njira yobwezeretsanso zinthu zomwe zagwiritsidwa ntchito kale. Zimapangitsa kuti kubwezeretsanso kwa makina kukhale kogwira mtima kwambiri ndipo zimathandiza kuti kubwezeretsanso mankhwala kukhale kopindulitsa ngakhale kupitirira pyrolysis yoyambira. Kusintha zinyalala kukhala zinthu zamtengo wapatali kumafuna ukatswiri kuchokera ku makampani opanga mankhwala. Mu nthawi yeniyeni, zinyalala zimabwezeretsedwanso ndipo zimakhala zinthu zamtengo wapatali zopangira zinthu zatsopano. Komabe, tiyenera kukhala achangu; zatsopano zathu zikufunika tsopano kuti tithandize chuma chozungulira mtsogolo."

SARAH E. O'CONNOR, MTSOGOLERI, DIPATIMENTI YA BIOSYNTHESIS YA ZINTHU ZACHILENGEDWE, MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE YA CHEMICAL ECOLOGY

Chithunzi: Sebastian Reuter

"Njira za '-Omics' zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kupeza majini ndi ma enzyme omwe mabakiteriya, bowa, zomera, ndi zamoyo zina amagwiritsa ntchito popanga zinthu zachilengedwe zovuta. Majini ndi ma enzyme amenewa amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito, nthawi zambiri kuphatikiza ndi njira zamakemikolo, kuti apange nsanja zopangira biocatalytic zosamalira chilengedwe zamamolekyu ambiri. Tsopano titha kuchita '-omics' pa selo limodzi. Ndikulosera kuti tiwona momwe transcriptomics ndi genomics za selo limodzi zikusinthira liwiro lomwe timapeza majini ndi ma enzyme amenewa. Kuphatikiza apo, metabolomics za selo limodzi tsopano ndizotheka, zomwe zimatithandiza kuyeza kuchuluka kwa mankhwala m'maselo payokha, kutipatsa chithunzi cholondola kwambiri cha momwe selo limagwirira ntchito ngati fakitale ya mankhwala."

RICHMOND SARPONG, KATSWI WA CHEMIST WA ZOMERA, YUNIVESITE YA CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY

Chithunzi: Niki Stefanelli

"Kumvetsetsa bwino kuuma kwa mamolekyulu achilengedwe, mwachitsanzo momwe mungazindikire pakati pa kuuma kwa kapangidwe kake ndi kusavuta kwa kapangidwe kake, kudzapitirirabe kuchokera ku kupita patsogolo kwa kuphunzira kwa makina, komwe kudzathandizanso kufulumizitsa kukonza ndi kulosera za reaction. Kupita patsogolo kumeneku kudzapereka njira zatsopano zoganizira za kusinthasintha malo a mankhwala. Njira imodzi yochitira izi ndikusintha madera a mamolekyulu ndipo ina ndikukhudza kusintha kwa pakati pa mamolekyulu mwa kusintha mafupa a mamolekyulu. Chifukwa chakuti ma cores a mamolekyulu achilengedwe amakhala ndi ma bond amphamvu monga carbon-carbon, carbon-nitrogen, ndi carbon-oxygen bonds, ndikukhulupirira kuti tidzawona kukula kwa njira zogwirira ntchito mitundu iyi ya ma bond, makamaka m'machitidwe osasinthasintha. Kupita patsogolo kwa catalysis ya photoredox kudzathandizanso panjira zatsopano pakukonza mafupa."

Alison Wendlandt, Katswiri wa Zachilengedwe, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Chithunzi: Justin Knight

"Mu 2023, akatswiri a zamankhwala a organic apitilizabe kupititsa patsogolo njira zosinthira zinthu. Ndikuyembekezera kukula kwina kwa njira zosintha zomwe zimapereka kulondola kwa atomu komanso zida zatsopano zopangira ma macromolecules. Ndikupitilizabe kudzozedwa ndi kuphatikiza kwa ukadaulo womwe kale unalipo mu zida za organic chemistry: zida za biocatalytic, electrochemical, photochemical, ndi zida zapamwamba za sayansi ya deta ndizofala kwambiri. Ndikuyembekeza kuti njira zogwiritsira ntchito zida izi zidzakula kwambiri, zomwe zidzatibweretsera chemistry yomwe sitinaganizepo kuti ingatheke."

Dziwani: Mayankho onse adatumizidwa kudzera pa imelo.